The period between 1850 and 1940 is characterised by completely new artistic ideas and concepts as well as the introduction of many new products such as tubes of oil, tempera-based paints, synthetic organic pigments etc. offered by artists’ colourmen, and industrial product ranges including metallic pigments. Some artists – often unfamiliar with the technical properties and qualities of ready-made products – reacted to these developments by introducing innovative artistic techniques while others reintroduced technical concepts that were considered obsolete by established institutions, or originated from non-European civilisations. There was a revival of interest in medieval and antique art technological sources, and German paint technologists in particular became involved with artists’ materials, their use and studies of their material properties.

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